Grains References

What is a grain?

  1. McKevith B. Nutritional aspects of cereals. Nutrition Bulletin. 2004;29:111-142.
  2. Jones JM  and Engleson J. Whole Grains: Benefits and Challenges. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2010. 1:19–40.
  3. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org).

 

Types of grains

Wheat:

  1. Wheat Foods Council website (www.wheatfoods.org)
  2. Whole Grains Council website   (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)
  3. Serpen A, Gökmen A, Karagöz A, Köksel H.  Phytochemical quantification and total antioxidant capacities of emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) wheat landraces. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Aug 27;56(16):7285-92.
  4. Abdel-Aal E, Young JC, Wood PJ, Rabalski,I, Hucl P, Falk D and Frégeau-Reid J. Einkorn: A Potential Candidate for Developing High Lutein Wheat. Cereal Chem. 2002. 79(3):455–457.
  5. Grain Growers Association. What the world wants from Australian wheat – Update 2010.

Oats:

  1. BRI Australia – Grains Nutrition website
  2. Whole Grains Council website
  3. Uncle Tobys website
  4. QueenanKM, StewartML, SmithKN, ThomasW, R RG and SlavinJL. Concentrated oat β-glucan, a fermentable fiber, lowers serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults in a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 2007, 6:6.
  5. Flight I and Clifton P, Cereal grains and legumes in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke: a review of the literature.  European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60 (10), 1145-1159
  6. Heart Foundation, Lipid Management Guidelines 2001
  7. Mellen P. et al (2007); Wholegrain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis.
  8. ChenCYO, MilburyPE, CollinsFW and BlumbergJB. Avenanthramides are bioavailable and have antioxidant activity in humans after acute consumption of an enriched mixture from oats. J. Nutr. 137:1375-1382, June 2007.
  9. Meydani M. Potential health benefits of avenanthramides of oats. Nutr Rev. 2009 Dec;67(12):731-5.

Rice:

  1. SunRice website (www.sunrice.com.au)

Corn:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)

Barley:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)

Sorghum:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)

Rye:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)

Triticale:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)
  2. Self Nutrition Data website.
  3. Foodista website.

Millet:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)

Amaranth:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)
  2. Versagrain website.
  3. Silva-Sánchez C, de la Rosa AP, León-Galván MF, de Lumen BO, de León-Rodríguez A, de Mejía EG. Bioactive peptides in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) seed. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 27;56(4):1233-40.
  4. MartirosyanDM, MiroshnichenkoLA, KulakovaSN, PogojevaAVand Zoloedov VI. Amaranth oil application for coronary heart disease and hypertension. Lipids in Health and Disease 2007, 6:1.
  5. Marcone MF, Kakuda Y, Yada RY. Amaranth as a rich dietary source of beta-sitosterol and other phytosterols. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2003;58(3):207-11.
  6. Bressani R, De Martell, ECM and De Godinez CM. Protein quality evaluation of amaranth in adult humans. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum), Vol 43, No 2; 123-143.

Buckwheat:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org).
  2. The Canadian Special Crops Association (CSCA) – The health benefits of buckwheat.
  3. L. Alvarez-Jubete, H. Wijngaard, E.K. Arendt and E. Gallagher. Polyphenol composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of amaranth, quinoa buckwheat and wheat as affected by sprouting and baking. Food Chemistry, March 2010, 119(2):770-778.
  4. H. H. Wijngaardand E. K. Arendt. Buckwheat – Review. Cereal Chem. July/August 2006, Volume 83, Number 4, Pages 391-401.
  5. Steadman, K.J., Burgoon, M.S., Lewis, B.A., Edwardson, S.E., and Obendorf, R.L. 2001. Minerals, phytic acid, tannin and rutin in buckwheat seed milling fractions. J. Sci. Food Agric.81:1094-1100.
  6. Vida Skrabanja, Helena G. M. Liljeberg Elmståhl,Ivan Kreft and Inger M. E. Björck. Nutritional Properties of Starch in Buckwheat Products: Studies in Vitro and in Vivo. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, 49 (1): 490–496.
  7. G. Préstamoa, A. Pedrazuelab, E. Peñasa, M.A. Lasunciónc, G. Arroyob. Role of buckwheat diet on rats as prebiotic and healthy food. Nutrition Research, June 2003, 23(6): 803-814.
  8. Vida Skrabanja and Ivan Kreft. Resistant Starch Formation Following Autoclaving of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Groats. An In Vitro Study. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46 (5), pp 2020–2023.

Quinoa:

  1. Whole Grains Council website (www.wholegrainscouncil.org)
  2. eHow Food website.
  3. McMillan J. Quinoa – the super seed. White paper, Helga’s Continental Bakehouse.
  4. L. Alvarez-Jubete, H. Wijngaard, E.K. Arendt and E. Gallagher. Polyphenol composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of amaranth, quinoa buckwheat and wheat as affected by sprouting and baking. Food Chemistry, March 2010, 119(2):770-778.
  5. Abugoch James LE. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2009;58:1-31.
  6. Alvarez-Jubete L, Arendt EK and Gallagher E. Nutritive value and chemical composition of pseudocereals as gluten-free ingredients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 4:240-57.
  7. Lee AR, Ng DL, Dave E, Ciaccio EJ and Green PH.The effect of substituting alternative grains in the diet on the nutritional profile of the gluten-free diet. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2009 Aug;22(4):359-63.
  8. Ranilla LG, Apostolidis E, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM and Shetty K. Evaluation of indigenous grains from the Peruvian Andean region for antidiabetes and antihypertension potential using in vitro methods. J Med Food. 2009 Aug;12(4):704-13.
  9. Berti C, Riso P, Brusamolino A and Porrini M. Effect on appetite control of minor cereal and pseudocereal products. Br J Nutr. 2005 Nov;94(5):850-8.
  10. Berti C,  Riso P, Monti LD and Porrini M. In vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glucose response of gluten-free foods and their gluten counterparts. Eur J Nutr. 2004 Aug;43(4):198-204.

Grains & Nutrition:

  1. Mercader J, Asmeron Y, Bennett T, Raja M, and Skinner A.Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave – A middle stone age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique. Journal of Human Evolution. 2009;57:63-74.
  2. National Health and Medical Research Council. Food for Health: Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults. Canberra: NH&MRC.2003.
  3. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 6th edition (available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/pdf/DGA2005.pdf). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.2005.
  4. Health Canada. Eating well with Canada’s Food Guide. 2007 [cited 11 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/index-eng.php.
  5. European Food Information Council. Wholegrain Fact Sheet. 2009 [cited 11 January2010]; Available from: http://www.eufic.org/article/en/page/BARCHIVE/expid/Whole-grain-Fact-Sheet/.
  6. McLennan W and Podger A. National Nutrition Survey. Food Eaten. Australia 1995. ABS Cat No 4804.0. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999.

Wholegrains:

  1. Slavin J, Jacobs D, and Marquart J. Grain processing and nutrition. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 2001;21(1):49-66.
  2. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. The Food Standards Code. 2010 [cited 11 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/foodstandards/foodstandardscode/.
  3. Jones J and Engleson J. Whole Grains: Benefits and Challenges. Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2010. 1:19–40
  4. Jones J.. Mining whole grains for functional components. Food Science and Technology Bulletin. 2007;4(7):67-86.
  5. Liu RH. Whole grain phytochemicals and health. Journal of Cereal Science. 2007;46(3):207-219.
  6. Slavin J. Whole grains and human health. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2004;17:99-110.
  7. Miller HE, Rigelhof F, Marquart L, Prakash A, KanterM. 2000. Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfast cereals, fruits and vegetables. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 19(3 Suppl):312S–19S.
  8. Nutrient Data Laboratory US Department of Agriculture. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of selected foods – 2007. 2007 [cited 15 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/sp2userfiles/place/12354500/data/orac/orac07.pdf.
  9. Nie L, WiseML, Peterson DM,Meydani M. 2006. Avenanthramide, a polyphenol from oats, inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production. Atherosclerosis 186(2):260–66.
  10. Bunzel M, Ralph J,Lu F,Hatfield RD, Steinhart H. 2004. Lignins and ferulate-coniferyl alcohol cross-coupling products in cereal grains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(21):6496–502.
  11. Hu C, Zawistowski J, LingW,Kitts DD. 2003. Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) pigmented fraction suppresses both reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in chemical and biological model systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(18):5271–77.
  12. Xia M, Ling WH, Ma J, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J. 2003. Supplementation of diets with the black rice pigment fraction attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. J. Nutr.133(3):744–51.
  13. Bull ´oM, Casas-Agustench P, Amig´ o-Correig P, Aranceta J, Salas-Salvad ´o J. 2007. Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: the role of diet. Public Health Nutr. 10(10A):1164–72.
  14. Ross AB, Kamal-Eldin A, Lundin EA, Zhang JX, Hallmans G, Aman P. 2003. Cereal alkylresorcinols are absorbed by humans. J. Nutr. 133(7):2222–24.
  15. American Chemical Society. Whole Grain Cereals, Popcorn Rich In Antioxidants, Not Just Fiber, New Research Concludes. 2009 [cited 15 January 2010]; Available from: http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=222&content_id=CNBP_022764&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=3412eb62-7829-44f5-be27-82a9c3ec8fed.
  16. Bryngelsson S, Dimberg L, and Kamal-Eldin A. Effects of commercial processing on levels of antioxidants in oats(Avena sativa L.). Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry.2002;50:1890-1896.
  17. Saxelby C and Venn-Brown U. The role of Australian Flour and Bread in Health and Nutrition. Bread Research Institute of Australia. North Ryde, NSW. 1980: p38

Refined Grains:

  1. Personal Communication, Flour Millers Council of Australia, February 2010.
  2. Schlemmer U, Frolich W, Prieto R, and Grases F. Phytate in foods and significance for humans: food sources, intake, processing, bioavailability, protective role and analysis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2009;53(S2):S330-S375.
  3. Maillot M, Darmon N, Darmon M, Lafay L, and Drewnowski A. Nutrient-dense food groups have high energy costs: an econometric approach to nutrient profiling. Journal of Nutrition. 2007;137:1815-1820.

Cereal Fibre:

  1. Cobiac  L, Chan L. Grains and bowel Health; A review. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Flinders University, Adelaide South Australia.
  2. Whole Grains Council website.
  3. Vos, A. P., L. M’Rabet, et al. (2007). “Immune-modulatory effects and potential working mechanisms of orally applied nondigestible carbohydrates.” Critical Reviews in Immunology 27(2): 97-140.
  4. Seidel, C., V. Boehm, et al. (2007). “Influence of prebiotics and antioxidants in bread on the immune system, antioxidative status and antioxidative capacity in male smokers and non-smokers.” British journal of nutrition 97(2): 349-56.
  5. Muller-Lissner, S. A. (1988). “Effect of wheat bran on weight of stool and gastrointestinal transit time: A meta analysis.” British Medical Journal 296(6622): 615-617.
  6. Graham, D. Y., S. E. Moser, et al. (1982). “The effect of bran on bowel function in constipation.” The American journal of gastroenterology 77(9): 599-603.
  7. Jewell, D. J. and G. Young (2001) “Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Volume, CD001142 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001142
  8. Mantle, J. (1992). “Research and serendipitous secondary findings.” The Canadian nurse(1): 15-18.
  9. Finlay, M. (1988). “The use of dietary fibre in a long-stay geriatric ward.” Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly 8(1): 19-30.
  10. Griffenberg, L., M. Morris, et al. (1997). “The effect of dietary fiber on bowel function following radical hysterectomy: A randomized trial.” Gynecologic Oncology 66(3): 417-424.
  11. Ouellet, L. L., T. R. Turner, et al. (1996). “Dietary fiber and laxation in postop orthopedic patients.” Clinical nursing research 5(4): 428-40.
  12. McIntosh, GH, Australian Journal of Dietetics 2001; 58 Suppl 2:
  13. Jensen, S. L., H. Harling, et al. (1988). “Maintenance bran therapy for prevention of symptoms after rubber band ligation of third-degree haemorrhoids.” Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 154(5-6): 395-8.

Glycemic Index of Grains:

  1. Diabetes Australia website.
  2. The University of Sydney – Glycemic Index and GI Database website.

Gluten in Grains:

  1. Oxford Food & Nutrition Dictionary.
  2. Oxford Companion to the Body.
  3. The Coeliac Society of Australia website
  4. Shepherd Works website.

Dietary Recommendations:

  1. National Health and Medical Research Council. Food for Health: Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults. Canberra: NH&MRC.2003.
  2. Smith A, Kellett E, and Schmerlaib Y. The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Background information for nutrition educators. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health.1998.
  3. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 6th edition (available at: http://www.health.gov/ dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/pdf/DGA2005.pdf). Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.2005.
  4. Health Canada. Eating well with Canada’s Food Guide. 2007 [cited 11 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/index-eng.php.
  5. European Food Information Council. Wholegrain Fact Sheet. 2009 [cited 11 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.eufic.org/article/en/page/BARCHIVE/expid/Whole-grain-Fact-Sheet/.
  6. Griffiths T and Nestel P. Developing a target for daily wholegrain intake for Australians. Food Australia. 2006;58(9):431-433.
  7. Griffiths T. Towards an Australian ‘daily target intake’ for wholegrains. Food Australia. 2007;59(12):600-601.

Grains & Health:

  1. Steffen LM, Kroenke CH, Yu X, Pereira MA, Slattery ML, Van Horn L, Gross MD and Jacobs DR Jr. Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;82:1169–77.

Wholegrains & Cancer:

  1. McIntosh GH. Cereal foods, fibres and the prevention of cancer. Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics (2001) 58 Suppl 2: S35-48.
  2. La Vecchia C, Chatenoud L, Negri E, and Franceschi S. Wholegrain cereals and cancer in Italy. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2003;62:45-49.
  3. Jacobs D, Marquart L, Slavin J, and Kushi L. Whole-grain intake and cancer: an expanded meta-analysis. Nutrition and Cancer. 1998;30(2):85-96.
  4. Chatenoud L, Tavani A, La Vecchia C, Jacobs D, Negri E, Levi F, and Franceschi S. Whole grain food intake and cancer risk. International Journal of Cancer. 1998;77(1):24-28. Williams MT and Hord HG. The role of dietary factors in cancer prevention: beyond fruits and vegetables. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2005;20(4):451-459.
  5. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australasian Association of Cancer Registries, Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2008. Cancer series No 46. Cat No.CAN42. 2008, AIHW: Canberra.
  6. National Health and Medical Research Council. Food for Health: Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults. Canberra: NH&MRC.2003.
  7. US Food and Drug Administration. Health claimsmeeting significant scientific agreement. 2010 [cited 12 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/ thClaimsMeetingSignificantScientificAgreementSSA/default.htm.
  8. Bosetti C, Pelucchi C, and La Vecchia C. Diet and cancer in Mediterranean countries: carbohydrates and fats. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(9A):1595-1600.
  9. Larsson S, Giovannucci E, Bergkvist L, and Wolk A. Whole grain consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort of 60 000 women. British Journal of Cancer. 2005;92:1803-1807.
  10. Schatzkin A, Mouw T, Park Y, Subar AF, Kipnis V, Hollenbeck A, Leitzmann MF, and Thompson FE. Dietary fiber and whole-grain consumption in relation to colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.[see comment]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85(5):1353-60.
  11. Haas P, Machado M, Anton A, Silva A, and De Francisco A. Effectiveness of whole grain consumption in the prevention of colorectal cancer: Meta-analysis of cohort studies. International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition. 2009;60(S6):1-13.
  12. Jacobs ET, Lanza E, Alberts DS, Hsu CH, Jiang R, Schatzkin A, Thompson PA, Martinez ME, Jacobs ET, Lanza E, Alberts DS, Hsu C-H, Jiang R, Schatzkin A, Thompson PA, and Martinez ME. Fiber, sex, and colorectal adenoma: results of a pooled analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83(2):343-9.
  13. Schatzkin A, Park Y, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, and Cross AJ. Prospective study of dietary fiber, whole grain foods, and small intestinal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(4):1163-7.
  14. Kasum CM, Jacobs DR, Jr., Nicodemus K, and Folsom AR. Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers. International Journal of Cancer. 2002;99(2):267-72.
  15. Bosetti C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Conti E, Levi F, Tomei F, and La Vecchia C. Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in women: a study from Italy and Switzerland. British Journal of Cancer. 2000;82(1):204-207.
  16. Chan J, Wang F, and Holly E. Whole grains and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2007;166(10):1174-1185.
  17. Mendez AM, Pera G, Agudo A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, Boeing H, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Manjer J, Johansson I, Stenling R, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Tormo MJ, Quiros JR, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Overvad K, Jensen M, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Peeters PH, Numans ME, Ocke MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron- Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Lund E, Slimani N, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Riboli E, Gonzalez CA, M A M, Pera G, Agudo A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, Boeing H, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Manjer J, Johansson I, Stenling R, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Tormo MJ, Quiros JR, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Overvad K, Jensen M, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Peeters PHM, Numans ME, Ocke MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Trichopoulou A, Lund E, Slimani N, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Riboli E, and Gonzalez CA. Cereal fiber intake may reduce risk of gastric adenocarcinomas: the EPIC-EURGAST study. International Journal of Cancer. 2007;121(7):1618-23.
  18. Marquart L, Warner KL, Jones JM, and Jacob B. Whole grain health claims in the USA and other efforts to increase wholegrain consumption. Proceedings of the nutrition society. 2003;62:151-160. 106.
  19. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R et al (2003) Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet 361,1496-1501.
  20. Slavin J, Marquart L, and Jacobs D. Consumption of whole-grain foods and decreased risk of cancer: proposed mechanism. Cereal Foods World. 2000;45(54-58).
  21. Slavin J, Martini M, Jacobs D, and Marquart L. Plausible mechanisms for the protectiveness of whole grains. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;70(suppl):459S-463S.
  22. NSW Cancer Council. Position Statement – Fibre, wholegrain cereals and cancer prevention. 2008 [cited 15 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/editorial. asp?pageid=1036&fromsearch=yes.
  23. Slavin J. Whole grains and human health. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2004;17:99-110.
  24. Aubertin-Leheudre M, Koskela A, Samaletdin A, Adlercreutz H. Plasma and Urinary Alkylresorcinol Metabolites as Potential Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk in Finnish Women: A Pilot Study. Nutrition and Cancer, August 2010.
  25. Kasum CM, Nicodemus K, Harnack LJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Folsom AR. Whole grain intake and incident endometrial cancer: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Nutr Cancer, 2001;39(2):180-6.
  26. Landberg R, Andersson SO, Zhang JX, Johansson JE, Stenman UH, Adlercreutz H, Kamal-Eldin A, Aman P, Hallmans G. Rye whole grain and bran intake compared with refined wheat decreases urinary C-peptide, plasma insulin, and prostate specific antigen in men with prostate cancer. J Nutr. 2010 Dec;140(12):2180-6. Epub 2010 Oct 27.
  27. Van ‘t Veer P, van Leer EM, Rietdijk A, Kok FJ, Schouten EG, Hermus RJ, et al. Combination of dietary factors in relation to breast-cancer occurrence. Int J Cancer 1991;47:649–53.
  28. Graham S, Zielezny M, Marshall J, Priore R, Freudenheim J, Brasure J, et al. Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State cohort. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1327–37.
  29. Zaridze D, Lifanova Y, Maximovitch D, Day NE, Duffy SW. Diet alcohol consumption and reproductive factors in a case control study in Moscow, Russia. Int J Cancer 1991;48:493–501.
  30. Baghurst PA, Rohan TE. High fibre diets and reduced risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1994;56:173–6
  31. Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Laughlin R, Brasure JR, Swanson MK, et al. Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits, and related nutrients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:340–8.
  32. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K, et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:561–9.

Wholegrains & Cardiovascular Disease:

  1. The National Heart Foundation of Australia website.
  2. Mellen P, Walsh T, and Herrington D. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2008;18:283-290.

Coronary Heart Disease:

  1. Flight I and Clifton P. Cereal grains and legumes in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke: a review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;60(10):1145-59.
  2. Truswell AS. Cereal grains and coronary heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;56(1):1-14. Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon H, and Anand S. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169(7):659-669.
  3. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Reviews for High Level Health Claims. 2006 [cited 13 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumerinformation/foodlabelling/healthnutritionandrelatedclaims/reviewsforhighlevelc3090.cfm.
  4. Mellen P, Walsh T, and Herrington D. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2008;18:283-290.
  5. Kelly SA, Summerbell CD, Brynes A, Whittaker V, and Frost G. Wholegrain cereals for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007(2).
  6. Anderson JW and Anderson JW. Whole grains protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2003;62(1):135-42.
  7. Pereira M, O’Reilly E, Augustsson K, Fraser G, Goldbourt U, Heitman B, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett W, and Ascherio A. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164:370-376.
  8. De Moura F, Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease and whole grain intake and diabetes review (available at http://www.lsro.org/articles/wholeGrainIntake.html). 2008, Life Sciences Research Office: Bethesda, MA.
  9. Jacobs DR, Jr., Gallaher DD, Jacobs DR, Jr., and Gallaher DD. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: a review. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2004;6(6):415-23.
  10. Clark L. Treating dyslipidemia with statins: the risk benefit profile. American Heart Journal. 2003;145(3):387-396.

Stroke:

  1. Flight I and Clifton P. Cereal grains and legumes in the prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke: a review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;60(10):1145-59.
  2. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, Rimm EB et al. (2000a). Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: a prospective study. JAMA 284, 1534–1540.

Hypertension:

  1. Flint A, Hu F, Glynn R, Jensen M, Franz M, Sampson L, and Rimm E. Whole grains and incident hypertension in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;90:493-498.
  2. Wang L, Gaziano J, Liu S, Manson J, Buring J, and Sesso H. Whole- and refined-grain intakes and the risk of hypertension in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;86:472-479.
  3. Steffen LM, Kroenke CH, Yu X, Pereira MA, Slattery ML, Van Horn L, Gross MD and Jacobs DR Jr. Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;82:1169–77.
  4. Pins JJ, Geleva D, Keenan JM, Frazel C, O’Connor PJ, and Cherney LM. Do whole-grain oat cereals reduce the need for antihypertensive medications and improve blood pressure control? Journal of Family Practice. 2002;51(4):353-9.
  5. Maki KC, Galant R, Samuel P, Tesser J, Witchger MS, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Blumberg JB, and Geohas J. Effects of consuming foods containing oat beta-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61(6):786-95.
  6. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, and Hallfrisch J. Whole-Grain Diets Reduce Blood Pressure in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2006;106(9):1445-1449.

Blood Lipids:

  1. Kelly SA, Summerbell CD, Brynes A, Whittaker V, and Frost G. Wholegrain cereals for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007(2).
  2. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J, Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, and Hallfrisch J. Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2004;80(5):1185-93.
  3. Olson B, Anderson S, Becker M, JW A, Hunninghake D, Jenkins D, LaRosa J, Rippe J, Roberts D, Stoy D, Summerbell C, Truswell A, Wolever T, Morris D, and Fulgoni 111 V. Psyllium-enriched cereals lower blood total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but not HDL cholesterol, in hypercholesterolemic adults: results of a meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition. 1997;127:1973-1980.
  4. US Food and Drug Administration. Health claims meeting significant scientific agreement. 2010 [cited 12 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/LabelClaims/thClaimsMeetingSignificantScientificAgreementSSA/default.htm.
  5. Newby PK, Maras J, Bakun P, Muller D, Ferrucci L, Tucker KL, Maras J, Bakun P, Muller D, Ferrucci L, and Tucker KL. Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-d diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;86(6):1745-53.

Suggested Mechanisms:

  1. Ellegard L and Andersson H. Oat bran rapidly increases bile acid excretion and bile acid synthesis: an ileostomy study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;61(8):938-45.
  2. Truswell AS. Cereal grains and coronary heart disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;56(1):1-14.
  3. Giacco R, Clemente G, Cipriano D, Luongo D, Viscovo D, Patti L, Di Marino L, Giacco A, Naviglio D, Bianchi M, Ciati R, Brighenti F, Rivellese A, and Riccardi G. Effects of regular consumption of wholemeal wheat foods on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy people. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2010;(in press – available on line).
  4. European Food Information Council. Wholegrain Fact Sheet. 2009 [cited 11 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.eufic.org/article/en/page/BARCHIVE/expid/Whole-grain-Fact-Sheet/.
  5. Jacobs D, Frost Anderson L, and Blomhoff R. Wholegrain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of noncardiovascular, noncancer death attributed to inflammatory disease in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007;85:1606-1614.
  6. Qi L, van Dam R, Liu S, Franz M, Mantzoros C, and Hu F. Whole-grain, bran, cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):207-211.
  7. Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Gronbaek M, Rimm EB, Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Gronbaek M, and Rimm EB. Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83(2):275-83.
  8. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB, Jr., Mayer-Davis EJ, Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB, Jr., and Mayer-Davis EJ. Wholegrain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78(5):965-71.’
  9. Slavin J. Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2003;62(1):129-134.
  10. Wang B, Singer A, Tsao P, Drexler H, and Kosek J. Dietary arginine prevents atherosclerosis in the coronary artery of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1994;23:452-458.
  11. 11.  Flores-Mateo G, Navas-Acien A, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Oct;84(4):762-73.
  12. 12.  Schiffrin EL. Antioxidants in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Mol Interv. 2010 Dec;10(6):354-62.

Cereal Grains & Diabetes:

  1. Access Economics. The growing cost of obesity in 2008: three years on. 2008 [cited 12 January 2010]; Available from: http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/PageFiles/7832/FULLREPORTGrowingCostOfObesity2008.pdf.
  2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Diabetes prevalence in Australia: an assessment of national data sources. Diabetes series No 14. Cat No. CVD 46. 2009, AIHW: Canberra.
  3. De Moura F, Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease and whole grain intake and diabetes review (available at http://www.lsro.org/articles/wholeGrainIntake.html). 2008, Life Sciences Research Office: Bethesda, MA.
  4. Priebe M, van Binsbergen J, de Vos R, and Vonk Roel J. Whole grain foods for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008(1).
  5. de Munter JSL, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Franz M, and van Dam RM. Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Medicine / Public Library of Science. 2007;4(8):e261.
  6. Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Gronbaek M, and Rimm EB. Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation [corrected] [published erratum appears in AM J CLIN NUTR 2006 Jun;83(6):1443]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83(2):275.
  7. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, and Hu FB. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002;136(3):201-9.
  8. Venn B and Mann J. Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;58:1443-1461.
  9. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR, Jr., Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL, and Seaquist ER. Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;75(5):848-855.

Diabetes Prevention:

  1. Priebe M, van Binsbergen J, de Vos R, and Vonk Roel J. Whole grain foods for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008(1).
  2. Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, and Willett WC. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(3):535-40.
  3. Nettleton J, Steffen L, Ni H, Liu KKM, and Jacobs D. Dietary patterns and risk of incident Type 2 Diabetes in the Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2008;31(9):1777-1782.
  4. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 (Suppl 1):S61-S78.

Diabetes Management:

  1. Venn BJ and Mann JI. Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;58(11):1443-61.
  2. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson J, Valle T, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, and Uusitupa M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;344:1343-1350.

Improving Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity:

  1. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB, Jr., Mayer-Davis EJ, Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB, Jr., and Mayer-Davis EJ. Wholegrain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78(5):965-71.
  2. Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Gronbaek M, and Rimm EB. Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation [corrected] [published erratum appears in AM J CLIN NUTR 2006 Jun;83(6):1443]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83(2):275.
  3. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR, Jr., Pins JJ, Raatz SK, Gross MD, Slavin JL, and Seaquist ER. Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;75(5):848-855.
  4. McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Wilson PWF, and Jacques PF. Whole-grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002;76(2):390-8.
  5. Lutsey PL, Jacobs DR, Jr., Kori S, Mayer-Davis E, Shea S, Steffen LM, Szklo M, and Tracy R. Whole grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98(2):397-405.
  6. Rave K, Roggen K, Dellweg S, Heise T, and Tom Dieck H. Improvement of insulin resistance after diet with a wholegrain based dietary product: results of a randomized, controlled cross-over study in obese subjects with elevated fasting blood glucose. British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98(5):929-936.

Suggested Mechanisms:

  1. Hallfrisch J and Behall K. Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000;19(3):320S-325S.
  2. Venn BJ and Mann JI. Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;58(11):1443-61.

Cereal Grains & Weight Management:

  1. Colagiuri S, Lee CMY, Colagiuri R, Magliano D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ and Caterson ID. The cost of overweight and obesity in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2010; 192 (5): 260-264.
  2. Obesity Working Group of the National Preventative Health Taskforce, Australia: the healthiest country by 2020. Technical Report 1 Obesity in Australia: a need for urgent action. 2009, Preventative Health Taskforce: Canberra.
  3. Olds TS, Tomkinson GR, Ferrar KE, Maher CA. Trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Australia between 1985 and 2008. International Journal of Obesity (2010) 34, 57–66.
  4. Harland JI, Garton LE, Harland JI, and Garton LE. Wholegrain intake as a marker of healthy body weight and adiposity. Public Health Nutrition. 2008;11(6):554-63.
  5. Williams PG, Grafenauer SJ, O’Shea JE, Williams PG, Grafenauer SJ, and O’Shea JE. Cereal grains, legumes, and weight management: a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence. Nutrition Reviews. 2008;66(4):171-82.
  6. Katcher HI, Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Gillies PJ, Demers LM, Bagshaw DM, Kris-Etherton PM, Katcher HI, Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Gillies PJ, Demers LM, Bagshaw DM, and Kris-Etherton PM. The effects of a whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008;87(1):79-90.
  7. Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Liu S, Jacobs DR, Jr, Spiegelman D, Willett W, and Rimm E. Changes in wholegrain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1237-1245.
  8. McKeown N, Yoshida M, Shea M, Jacques P, Lichtehstein A, Rogers G, Booth S, and Saltzman E. Whole-grain intake and cereal fiber are associated with lower abdominal adiposity in older adults. Journal of Nutrition. 2009;139:1950-1955.
  9. van de Vijver LP, van den Bosch LM, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, van de Vijver LPL, and van den Bosch LMC. Whole-grain consumption, dietary fibre intake and body mass index in the Netherlands cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009;63(1):31-8.
  10. Maki K, Beiseigel J, Jonnalagadda S, Gugger C, Reeves M, Farmer M, Kaden V, and Rains T. Whole-grain readyto- eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2010;110:2.
  11. National Weight Control Registry (www.nwcr.ws).
  12. National Health and Medical Research Council. 2003. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Canberra: NH&MRC.

Suggested Mechanisms:

  1. Williams PG, Grafenauer SJ, O’Shea JE, Williams PG, Grafenauer SJ, and O’Shea JE. Cereal grains, legumes, and weight management: a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence. Nutrition Reviews. 2008;66(4):171-82.
  2. Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Liu S, Jacobs DR, Jr, Spiegelman D, Willett W, and Rimm E. Changes in wholegrain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1237-1245.

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